Bacteria become resistant to
antibiotics through many mechanisms causing mutations by selecting or acquiring
genes for resistance, through evolution, attributed mainly to horizontal gene
transfer (HGT). Mis-use of these antibiotics and their release from wastewater
treatment plants (WWTP) have contributed greatly to the emergence and spread of
resistant bacteria, including bacteria that cause human and animal infections.
Aquatic environments, especially, provide ideal conditions in the water column
and sediment for the horizontal exchange of mobile genetic elements (MGEs).
Resistance in nature has an
ancient origin in which organisms use as a defence mechanism to protect against
harmful substances of others, encoded by a group of genes known as the
resistome. Studies have collectively shown that the environment harbours a
large majority of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) but only in the last 10
years evidence has been demonstrating mobilisation of resistance into human
pathogens.
Aquatic ecosystems are used as a
way of disposal and therefore now play a significant role in ARG transfer,
ecology and evolution. WWTPs provide an ideal environment for HGT as they
contain high densities of bacteria, high oxygen levels, high nutrient
concentrations and are in constant contact with antibiotics and resistant
bacteria. A study conducted found that high concentrations of ARGs were found
in biofilms downstream of a WWTP suggesting that they encourage the spread of
resistance in the environment.
Biofilms are a natural dense
community of microbes which could act as an ideal site for HGT of ARGs.
Bacteria also aggregate in the sediments which facilitates the movement of
genetic elements especially where antibiotics are used, in aquaculture and from
other anthropogenic sources. Tetracycline resistant genes were found 100 times
higher in sediments than in the water column, and these concentrations depended
on the degree of anthropogenic stresses in that area.
Many other anthropogenic factors
contribute to the spread of ARGs including sewage, agricultural runoff, heavy
metal pollution and temperature. A natural phenomena that provides a surface
for the movement of MGEs is the biofilms formed on chitin. Chitin is a very
common element used in structural components on many crustaceans and molluscs
and therefore these sites are abundant in which HGT can occur.
ARG's are very abundant in the
environment but to prevent further mutations of human and animal pathogens, use
and disposal of antibiotics into the environment needs to be monitored and
limited as it could pose a serious
threat to global health.
Marti, E., Variatza, E. and Balcazar, J.L. (2013) The role of aquatic
ecosystems as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance. Trends in Microbiology.
XX:1-6
Most of the sources that you've mentioned that spread ARG's primarily occur in coastal regions and only really effect surface waters. You've mentioned the aggregations and high concentrations found in sediments- i presume these are coastal sediments? Do you know if ARG's are abundant or even found in the deep sea?
ReplyDeleteThe paper does not mention any ARGs in the deep sea but I presume that some are present there even if they are in extremely low concentrations. Out of the large quantity of antibiotics used in aquaculture and poorly disposed of, a small amount must reach deep sea eventually, although Archaea and Viruses are a lot more abundant in the deep sea than bacteria. Further research should determine whether antibiotics or ARGs reach the bottom of the ocean and I think would make an interesting topic to research.
ReplyDelete